‎2.1 Pages 32-36

1) The right of eighteen-year-olds to vote in all elections was firmly established by
A) Article I of the Constitution.
B) Article II of the Constitution.
C) the Bill of Rights.
D) the Twenty-Sixth Amendment.
E) an act of Congress.

2) Which of the following accurately describes constitutional amendments?
A) Amending the Constitution is easy.
B) Amending the Constitution is difficult.
C) Amending the Constitution is frequently successful.
D) Very few constitutional amendments have been proposed.
E) Very few constitutional amendments have been sent to the states for ratification.

3) Why did the British Parliament enact the Sugar Act of 1764, which taxed goods imported by
the colonists such as sugar, wine, and coffee?
A) to punish the colonists for ʺtreacherous rebellions and insurrectionsʺ
B) to fund the Louisiana Purchase
C) to help pay for the French and Indian War
D) to discourage the use of ʺitems whose sinful nature compromises the sanctity of Her
Majestyʹs subjectsʺ
E) to provoke the colonists into rebellion

4) In 1765, American colonists were especially upset over
A) the Treaty of Paris.
B) the Stamp Act.
C) the Articles of Confederation.
D) the Magna Carta.
E) the Boston Tea Party.

5) A major complaint of the Sons of Liberty was
A) taxation without representation.
B) excessive immigration.
C) the selection of delegates to the Virginia House of Burgesses.
D) infrequent mail delivery from Britain.
E) the ineffectiveness of the Mayflower Compact.

6) How did Britain respond to the Boston Tea Party?
A) The king hosted his own British Tea Party in the English Channel.
B) The king ignored the incident and hoped the insurrection in the colonies would go away.
C) Parliament hired Indians to burn the property of Bostonʹs merchants.
D) Parliament enacted a law that blockaded Boston Harbor.
E) British soldiers were told disband the Sons of Liberty ʺby any means necessary, be they
legal or otherwise.ʺ

7) The First Continental Congress was most concerned about
A) the ongoing French and Indian War.
B) the extent of British authority over the colonies.
C) ensuring access to imported tea and sugar.
D) establishing a written Constitution for the newly united colonies.
E) punishing the Sons of Liberty for various illegal acts.

8) The First Continental Congress had delegates from
A) nine of the 13 colonies.
B) every colony except Georgia.
C) all 13 colonies.
D) all 13 colonies and the British Parliament.
E) all 13 colonies, the Indians, and the British Parliament.

9) Fighting in the American Revolution broke out in the battle at
A) Saratoga, New York.
B) Trenton, New Jersey.
C) Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.
D) New York, New York.
E) Yorktown, Virginia.

10) In Common Sense, Thomas Paine argues
A) for independence from Great Britain.
B) in favor or mercantilism.
C) that Great Britain should use the might of the British military to keep the colonies in line.
D) in favor or quartering British soldiers.
E) for a colonial government with its capital in Washington.

‎2.2 Pages 36 to 43

1) The Declaration of Independence was drafted by
A) James Madison.
B) Thomas Jefferson.
C) George Washington.
D) John Stewart.
E) John Locke.

2) The Declaration of Independence contains
A) Hobbesʹs Second Treatise on Government.
B) the Bill of Rights.
C) arguments in support of the Constitution.
D) a list of complaints against the British government.
E) no references to Great Britain.

3) A type of government in which the national government is weaker than the sum of its parts is
called
A) a confederacy.
B) federalism.
C) a unitary system.
D) pluralism.
E) totalitarianism.

4) The government established after the Declaration of Independence was the
A) Constitution.
B) Federation Treaty.
C) Articles of Confederation.
D) Magna Carta.
E) Declaration of the Rights of Man.

5) Which of the following is a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
A) The federal government had the power to regulate interstate commerce.
B) The federal government had the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations.
C) Congress collected excessive taxes from the states.
D) Congress could rarely muster a quorum.
E) Federal government spending was lavish.

6) Under the Articles of Confederation, the executive branch was
A) the workhorse of the federal government.
B) virtually nonexistent.
C) quite strong.
D) dominated by Torries.
E) responsible for enacting all laws.

7) The significance of Shaysʹs rebellion is that it
A) forced the banks to foreclose on delinquent farmsteads.
B) forced the banks to foreclose on delinquent merchants.
C) prevented Massachusetts from joining the Articles of Confederation.
D) established the principle of ʺno taxation without representation.ʺ
E) convinced the colonists that the Articles of Confederation were too weak.

8) What was the ʺsole and express purposeʺ for which the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was
called?
A) to declare independence from Great Britain
B) to revise the Articles of Confederation
C) to draft the Constitution
D) to draft the Bill of Rights
E) to find a way to quell Shaysʹs Rebellion

9) The Virginia Plan called for a national system with
A) a weak central government.
B) a single legislature with representation according to population.
C) a strong central government and a bicameral legislature.
D) equality among the states.
E) no state governments whatsoever.

10) The smaller states presented a plan at the Constitutional Convention advocating the
strengthening of the Articles of Confederation. The plan was presented by
A) Maine.
B) Rhode Island.
C) New Jersey.
D) Connecticut.
E) Virginia.

‎2.3 Pages 44 to 47

1) The most serious disagreement in the debate between large and small states at the
Constitutional Convention was the issue of
A) judicial power.
B) whether to create a republic or a monarchy.
C) taxation.
D) human rights.
E) representation in Congress.

2) A committee was appointed at the Constitutional Convention to work out the differences
between the proposals of large and small states; the result was the
A) Virginia Plan.
B) Maryland Plan.
C) Marshall Plan.
D) Congressional Compromise.
E) Great Compromise.

3) What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
A) A three-fifths majority would be necessary to amend the constitution.
B) A three-fifths majority would be necessary to appoint members of the Supreme Court.
C) Three states would be ʺslave states,ʺ five states would be ʺfree states,ʺ and the remaining
states would be able to decide their own fate after 1820.
D) Each slave would count as three-fifths of one person for purposes of representation in
the House.
E) An agreement reached by three-fifths of the states to remove the Articles of
Confederation and write the Constitution.

4) How does the Electoral College work?
A) Each state determines how it will select its electors; electors then elect the president.
B) Voters elect electors to state conventions; state conventions then elect the president.
C) Congress selects a slate of electors; voters then select electors, who in turn elect the
president.
D) Voters elect electors; electors then select convention delegates, who in turn elect the
president.
E) Congress selects presidential candidates; voters then elect the president.

5) Who has the sole responsibility to hold the impeachment trial for a president who has been
accused of ʺTreason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanorsʺ?
A) the Electoral College
B) the House of Representatives
C) the Senate
D) the associate justices serving on the Supreme Court
E) the presidentʹs cabinet

6) A governmental structure that gives each of the three branches some degree of oversight and
control of each other is called
A) federalism.
B) command and control.
C) oversight powers.
D) incrementalism.
E) checks and balances.

7) The principles of separation of powers and checks and balances originated with
A) Machiavelli.
B) Rousseau.
C) Montesquieu.
D) Chanakya.
E) Voltaire.

8) A system of government in which power is divided between the state and national
governments is called a
A) federal system.
B) parliamentary system.
C) unitary system.
D) pluralistic system.
E) functionalist system.

9) The federal governmentʹs primary lawmaking authority rests with
A) the federal bureaucracy.
B) the judiciary.
C) Congress.
D) the president.
E) state legislatures.

10) When drafting the Constitution, the Framers were careful to create a government that did
NOT
A) separate powers.
B) check the powers of various branches.
C) balance the powers of the various branches.
D) reach politically viable compromises.
E) concentrate powers.

‎2.4 pages 47-57

1) Immediately after the Constitution was adopted, how were Senators selected?
A) by lot
B) by the House of Representatives
C) by state legislatures
D) by popular statewide elections
E) by the Supreme Court

2) Which of the following is an executive branch check on the legislative branch?
A) declaring executive branch actions unconstitutional
B) changing the number of federal courts
C) changing the jurisdiction of federal courts
D) refusing to implement judicial branch decisions
E) calling Congress into special session

3) The legislative branch is established in
A) Article I.
B) Article II.
C) Article III.
D) Article IV.
E) Article V.

4) What is the significance of the elastic clause?
A) It has been the basis for many implied powers for the federal government.
B) It has been the basis for many implied powers for the state government.
C) It has been the basis for many enumerated powers for the federal government.
D) It has been the basis for many enumerated powers for the state government.
E) It has been the basis for many enumerated powers for both the federal and state
governments.

5) The proposed ʺEqual Opportunity to Governʺ Amendment would most clearly benefit
A) Democratic presidential aspirants.
B) Republican presidential aspirants.
C) third party presidential aspirants.
D) congressional aspirants who are naturalized citizens.
E) presidential aspirants who are naturalized citizens.

6) Who is the commander in chief of the armed forces?
A) the secretary of state
B) the secretary of defense
C) the chair of the joint chiefs of staff
D) the vice president
E) the president

7) What does the supremacy clause say?
A) All elected officeholders must express belief in a supreme power.
B) The federal government can not discriminate on the basis of belief in a supreme power.
C) The Senate is more powerful than the House of Representatives.
D) The House of Representatives is more powerful than the Senate.
E) Legitimate federal laws supersede state laws.

8) When comparing the U.S. Constitution with the Iraqi Constitution, which of the following
statements is false?
A) Both establish a federal system.
B) Both attempt to create a system that accommodates the interests of states of different
sizes.
C) Both attempt to create a system that accommodates regional interests.
D) Both create democratic governmental systems.
E) Both prohibit the government from establishing an official religion.

9) Those who favored ratification of the newly drafted Constitution were known as
A) Torries.
B) Carpetbaggers.
C) Scalawags.
D) Anti-Federalists.
E) Federalists.

10) The Anti-Federalists feared that the newly drafted Constitution would create
A) a confederacy.
B) an endless series of amendments.
C) a strong central government.
D) checks and balances.
E) a separation of powers.

‎2.5 pages 54-62

1) The series of 85 political papers written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison
in support of ratification of the Constitution were called the
A) Pennsylvania Packet.

B) Federalist Papers.
C) Anti-Federalist Papers.
D) Ratification Debates.
E) Articles of Confederation.

2) The Anti-Federalists were concerned that the newly drafted Constitution did not protect
individual liberties. How was this concern addressed?
A) with the libertarian amendments
B) with the Anti-Federalist amendments
C) with the Bill of Rights
D) with the inclusion of checks and balances
E) through persuasive arguments printed in Publiusʹs Pamphlets

3) The amendment process established in Article V of the Constitution is a
A) fairly easy procedure.
B) two-stage process of proposal and ratification.
C) single-stage process that uses national constitutional conventions.
D) two-stage process with ratification by Congress and validation by the Supreme Court.
E) three-stage process involving state legislatures, Congress, and a majority of voters in a
nationwide referendum.

4) The Twenty-Seventh Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1992. What does the
amendment do?
A) mandates the use of primaries and caucuses for selecting presidential candidates
B) raises the drinking age to twenty-one
C) lowers the voting age to eighteen
D) mandates that congressional pay raises can not take effect until after the next election
E) prevents discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, veteran status,
gender, or age

5) Which of the following best describes the success of recent efforts to ban same-sex marriage?
A) The Senate has consistently voted for a constitutional ban, but the House has not.
B) Congress has passed an amendment banning same-sex marriage, but it has not been
ratified by the requisite number of states.
C) Nearly all efforts to ban same-sex marriage have failed.
D) Most Americans believe that the government should permit same-sex marriage.
E) Several states have passed bans on same-sex marriage.

2001 FRQ on Amending the Constitution

Two formal ways of amending the constitution are having the amendment proposed by 2/3 of both houses of Congress and ¾ of state legislatures ratify the amendment. This way has happened 27 times. The second way is having the amendment proposed by 2/3 of both houses and ¾ of special state conventions ratifying , as with the repeal of prohibition.


Two informal ways to change the constitution are by using the elastic/”necessary and proper” clause or by Supreme Court decisions. The elastic clause was used in expanding the role of Congress in interstate commerce. Congress can now regulate anything that crosses state borders. Supreme Court decisions have been used to change the meaning of the Constitution like in cases where they nationalized the Bill of Rights through the 14th Amendment. The elastic clause states that congress can do anything “necessary and proper” to carry out their expressed powers.


Informal methods are used most often because it takes much less work than formal methods. A lot of support is needed to add an amendment to the Constitution. It is much less difficult to change the Constitution with the elastic clause or Supreme Court decisions.

Why We Have a House and a Senate-Questions for Tomorrow

Why We Have a House and Senate
Driven by Their Differences



Why do we have two chambers in Congress, the House1 and Senate2? Since members of both are elected by, and represent the people, wouldn't the lawmaking process be more efficient if bills were considered by only one body?


While it may appear clumsy and often overly time-consuming, the two-chamber or "bicameral" setup of Congress works today exactly the way a majority of the Founding Fathers envisioned in 1787. Clearly expressed in the Constitution is the Founders' belief that power should be shared among all units of government. Dividing Congress into two chambers, with the positive vote of both required to approve legislation, is a natural extension of the Founders' concept of employing "checks and balances" to prevent tyranny. The Founding Fathers explain the formation of Congress to the people in the Federalist Papers 52-663.

Why are the House and Senate so Different?

Have you ever noticed that major bills are often debated and voted on by the House in a single day, while the Senate's deliberations on the same bill take weeks? Again, this reflects the Founding Fathers' intent that the House and Senate not be carbon-copies of each other. By designing differences into the House and Senate, the Founders assured that all legislation would be carefully considered, taking both the short and long-term effects into account.


Why are the Differences Important?
The Founders intended that the House be seen as more closely representing the will of the people than the Senate.
To this end, they provided that members of the House - U.S. Representatives - be elected by and represent limited groups of citizens living in small geographically defined districts within each state. Senators, on the other hand, are elected by and represent all voters of their state. When the House considers a bill, individual members tend to base their votes primarily on how the bill might impact the people of their local district, while Senators tend to consider how the bill would impact the nation as a whole. This is just as the Founders intended.


All members of the House are up for election every two years. In effect, they are always running for election. This insures that members will maintain close personal contact with their local constituents, thus remaining constantly aware of their opinions and needs, and better able to act as their advocates in Washington. Elected for six-year terms, Senators remain somewhat more insulated from the people, thus less likely to be tempted to vote according to the short-term passions of public opinion.


By setting the constitutionally-required minimum age for Senators at 304, as opposed to 25 for members of the House5, the Founders hoped Senators would be more likely to consider the long-term effects of legislation and practice a more mature, thoughtful and deeply deliberative approach in their deliberations. Setting aside the validity of this "maturity" factor, the Senate undeniably does take longer to consider bills, often brings up points not considered by the House and just as often votes down bills passed easily by the House.


A famous (though perhaps fictional) simile often quoted to point out the differences between the House and Senate involves an argument between George Washington, who favored having two chambers of Congress and Thomas Jefferson, who believed a second chamber to be unnecessary. The story goes that the two Founders were arguing the issue while drinking coffee. Suddenly, Washington asked Jefferson, "Why did you pour that coffee into your saucer?" "To cool it," replied Jefferson. "Even so," said Washington, "we pour legislation into the senatorial saucer to cool it."


Why we Have a House and Senate Questions

1. Why is having a House and Senate in the words of the article’s author, a “natural extension of the Founder’s belief in “checks and balances to prevent tyranny?”


2. How does the length of time a bill is debated and voted on in each chamber reflect the differences between the design of the House and Senate?


3. How did the Founders intend the House to be different from the Senate? What was the House supposed to more closely resemble?


4. What different considerations does a bill have in terms of its impact when comparing the House and the Senate?


5. What impacts do the election of House and Senate members have in terms of their respective constituents?


6. How did the Founders’ reason the age of House and Senate members would work?


7. Explain Washington’s coffee pouring metaphor

Model Student Answer to 2000 FRQ

A1. One problem of decentralized power that existed under the Articles of Confederation was the lack of a national currency. With no national currency, it was hard for states to trade with one another which led to tensions. People within the states also didn’t trust the value of the state’s particular currency which led to hyper-inflation in some cases.


A2. The Constitution under Article I gave Congress the power to coin money, banning the states from printing their own. This created a national currency for all states to use.



B1. Another problem of decentralized power that existed under the Articles of Confederation was that the nation lacked a strong central government. If issues or disputes arose within or between states, there was no national arbiter to settle these problems. Shay’s Rebellion was a case study in just how weak government in the United States was at that time. A group of angry farmers stormed the local government demanding back pensions and a halt to their farms being taken away due to taxes. Who could stand up to this rebellion?


B2. As the result of Shay’s Rebellion a national military was established under the Constitution that was capable of putting down any rebellion that could threaten the new republic.


C1. Another problem of decentralized power was the lack of a Chief Executive or president. Colonial shipping was openly victim to pirate attacks by both Great Britain and France. The fact that the colonies had no national leader to negotiate shipping issues and other treaties made the United States particularly weak and open to exploitation.


C2. Under Article II of the Constitution, a Chief Executive was created giving him the power to wage war and negotiate treaties as necessary. The Founding Fathers were careful not to give this leader too much power. They infused the Constitution with checks and balances to ensure that the Chief Executive would be answerable to the people.


D1. There are tensions between centralized and decentralized powers within the United States when considering the issue of gun control. In the case of Washington DC, the federal government has overruled a 20 year ban on concealed weapons, despite the DC’s desire to keep the ban in effect. The US Supreme Court citing the 2nd Amendment, overturned state law to the protestations of law enforcement agents and the district’s mayor.

‎1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions Pages 5-11

1) The process by which policy decisions are made is known as
A) politics.
B) government.
C) the preamble.
D) multiculturalism.
E) Robertʹs rules.


2) How does the Constitution help ʺestablish justiceʺ?
A) The supremacy clause protects citizens from excessive government interference in
personal matters.
B) The Constitution guarantees judicial privacy.
C) The Constitution prohibits Congress from creating any court except for the Supreme
Court.
D) The Framers explicitly excluded voting rights for women, slaves, and landowners.
E) The Bill of Rights entitles accused citizens to a trial by jury.


3) Which of the following is NOT a function of government, as laid out in the Preamble to the Constitution?
A) to secure the blessings of liberty
B) to provide for the common defense
C) to ensure domestic tranquility
D) to promote the general welfare
E) to ensure economic equality


4) Which of the following best describes Saddam Hussein?
A) He was an oligarch.
B) He was a patriarch.
C) He was a tyrant.
D) He was a democrat.
E) He was a monarch.


5) The Mayflower Compact was
A) a treaty the Pilgrims made with the Indians.
B) a social contract.
C) the first colony established by European immigrants.
D) an example of the divine right of kings.
E) the list of complaints against the Church of England that led to the expulsion of the Pilgrims.


6) Enlightenment thinkers argued that
A) God did not grant kings authority to govern.
B) government is best that governs the least.
C) reason, science, and religious tolerance hindered popular sovereignty.
D) Isaac Newton was a heretic for spreading ʺmalicious, nefarious, and dangerous lies.ʺ
E) monarchies are the most civilized forms of government.


7) The social contract theory says that
A) citizens give their consent to be governed.
B) civil contracts can be enforced by the government.
C) every society determines its own set of laws and moral codes.
D) by virtue of their social position, some citizens are more valuable than others.
E) governments can not interfere with the free market.


8) According to Hobbes, humanʹs natural state is
A) bliss.
B) cooperation.
C) philanthropy.
D) generosity.
E) war.


9) Locke argued that a major responsibility of governments is to protect
A) elected officials.
B) human dignity.
C) economic equality.
D) private property.
E) the people from themselves.


10) The Declaration of Independence claims a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
The phrase can be most directly attributed to the ideas of
A) Aristotle.
B) Machiavelli.
C) Newton.
D) Locke.
E) Hobbes.

Chapter 1.2 Pages 11 to 13

1) Direct democracy is distinguished by
A) representative government and the rule of law.
B) citizen decision making and majority rule.
C) power and influence.
D) political appointments and social engineering.
E) a social contract and republican government.


2) In an indirect democracy, public policies are determined by
A) consensus.
B) oligarchs.
C) religious figures.
D) representatives.
E) economic elites.


3) Which of the following is a contemporary example of direct democracy?
A) trial by jury
B) New England town meetings
C) congressional elections
D) political protests
E) the Electoral College


4) Personal liberty is most closely related to
A) freedom. B) equality. C) civility. D) fascism. E) suffrage.


5) American political culture emphasizes
A) collaboration.
B) agnosticism.
C) atheism.
D) political equality.
E) socialism.


6) The belief that authority in society ultimately rests with the people is known as
A) establishmentarianism.
B) natural rights.
C) common law.
D) popular sovereignty.
E) Hobbesian law.


7) The belief that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature
and can be understood by reason is called
A) ethical law.
B) contract law.
C) natural law.
D) Newtonʹs law.
E) civil law.


8) A civil society
A) is ʺnasty, brutish, and short.ʺ
B) is ruled by a leviathan.
C) encourages citizens to engage in policy debates.
D) is harmful to democracy.
E) hinders a frank exchange of ideas.


9) George W. Bush has argued that the United States
A) should guarantee social, political, and economic equality.
B) should spread democracy abroad.
C) would be better off under the rule of a benevolent dictator.
D) should reduce dependence on fossil fuels by reducing economic growth.
E) should return to its isolationist roots.


10) Americans are most likely to believe that
A) politicians can be trusted.
B) presidents should have strong religious beliefs.
C) illegal immigration benefits the American economy.
D) government should avoid moderate policies.
E) Social Security should be eliminated.

Chapter 1.3 Pages 15 to 22

1) The current population of the United States is about
A) 3 million people.
B) 30 million people.
C) 300 million people.
D) 3 billion people.
E) 30 billion people.


2) Recent immigrants to the United States are most likely to be
A) Southeast Asians.
B) Irish Catholics.
C) unemployed Europeans.
D) Jews.
E) Africans.


3) The largest minority group in the United States is
A) Asians.
B) Pacific Islanders.
C) African Americans.
D) Hispanics.
E) Native Americans and Alaskan Natives.


4) Which of the following accurately describes a demographic trend in the United States?
A) The proportion of white, non-Hispanic Americans has been increasing.
B) The American population is becoming older.
C) The size of the typical American family is growing.
D) The number of children growing up in two-parent households is increasing.
E) The number of immigrants coming to America is larger than it has ever been in the past.


5) According to Samuel Huntington, Mexican immigrants pose a danger to American society
because many
A) are lazy.
B) do not have American values.
C) take jobs that Americans do not want.
D) learn English and try to assimilate with other Americans.
E) are Catholic.


6) Which of the following is a key function of an ideology?
A) to polarize the electorate
B) to help citizens make political decisions
C) to serve as a substitute for religious faith
D) to protect citizensʹ civil liberties
E) to encourage citizens to engage in civil society


7) Someone who favors a free market economy without government interference in personal
liberties is best described as a
A) conservative.
B) egalitarian.
C) liberal.
D) Christian Democrat.
E) libertarian.


8) Conservatives believe that
A) the federal government should have more power than state and local government.
B) activist government is necessary to ensure personal liberty.
C) government should only provide for defense and little else.
D) there should be little government regulation of the economy.
E) government social programs provide important safety nets for vulnerable citizens.


9) The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government is called
A) political theory.
B) an ideology.
C) sociology.
D) dogma.
E) a schema.


10) Currently, Americans are most likely to consider themselves
A) liberal.
B) moderate.
C) conservative.
D) Ecofascists.
E) Libertarians.

Chapter 1.4 Pages 13-22

1) Social conservatives are most concerned about
A) human rights.
B) economic equality.
C) poverty.
D) moral decay.
E) making money.


2) Who most strongly believes that government should promote equality and provide social
services?
A) liberals
B) moderates
C) populists
D) libertarians
E) conservatives


3) Who is most likely to favor government regulation of sexual and social behavior?
A) libertarians
B) Democrats
C) moderates
D) conservatives
E) social conservatives


4) Which of the following best describes American attitudes toward government?
A) adulation
B) trust
C) awe
D) cynicism
E) civic virtue


5) In recent decades, what has happened to the faith citizens place in American institutions, such
as Congress, the press, and industry?
A) It has increased.
B) It has increased and decreased in cyclical fashion.
C) It has remained fairly constant.
D) It has fluctuated randomly.
E) It has decreased.


6) What do the authors mean when they say that Americans have a ʺmissing appreciation of the
goodʺ?
A) Americans are less likely to respect politicians and other authority figures.
B) Voters tend to look at the glass as half full instead of as half empty.
C) The size of the American population has been increasing exponentially.
D) Good things often come in small packages.
E) Americans tend to overlook the significant improvements government has made in
Americansʹ lives.


7) Who is Tom DeLay?
A) the author of the Constitution
B) the leader of the religious right
C) the former House majority leader who resigned in the wake of political scandals
D) the president of Head Start
E) the architect behind Franklin Rooseveltʹs New Deal


8) What was the most common reason citizens gave for NOT voting in 2004?
A) They did not like either candidate.
B) Polling places were open at inconvenient hours.
C) The weather was bad.
D) They did not know enough about the candidates.
E) They were too busy.


9) In the wake of the 9/11 terrorists attacks, Americans are more willing to accept
A) a lower standard of living.
B) terrorism.
C) social upheaval.
D) reduced civil liberties.
E) totalitarianism.

Sabato 1.1 Pages 4-11

1) The process by which policy decisions are made is known as
A) politics.
B) government.
C) the preamble.
D) multiculturalism.
E) Robertʹs rules.


2) How does the Constitution help ʺestablish justiceʺ?
A) The supremacy clause protects citizens from excessive government interference in
personal matters.
B) The Constitution guarantees judicial privacy.
C) The Constitution prohibits Congress from creating any court except for the Supreme
Court.
D) The Framers explicitly excluded voting rights for women, slaves, and landowners.
E) The Bill of Rights entitles accused citizens to a trial by jury.


3) Which of the following is NOT a function of government, as laid out in the Preamble to the
Constitution?
A) to secure the blessings of liberty
B) to provide for the common defense
C) to ensure domestic tranquility
D) to promote the general welfare
E) to ensure economic equality


4) Which of the following best describes Saddam Hussein?
A) He was an oligarch.
B) He was a patriarch.
C) He was a tyrant.
D) He was a democrat.
E) He was a monarch.


5) The Mayflower Compact was
A) a treaty the Pilgrims made with the Indians.
B) a social contract.
C) the first colony established by European immigrants.
D) an example of the divine right of kings.
E) the list of complaints against the Church of England that led to the expulsion of the Pilgrims.


6) Enlightenment thinkers argued that
A) God did not grant kings authority to govern.
B) government is best that governs the least.
C) reason, science, and religious tolerance hindered popular sovereignty.
D) Isaac Newton was a heretic for spreading ʺmalicious, nefarious, and dangerous lies.ʺ
E) monarchies are the most civilized forms of government.


7) The social contract theory says that
A) citizens give their consent to be governed.
B) civil contracts can be enforced by the government.
C) every society determines its own set of laws and moral codes.
D) by virtue of their social position, some citizens are more valuable than others.
E) governments can not interfere with the free market.


8) According to Hobbes, humanʹs natural state is
A) bliss.
B) cooperation.
C) philanthropy.
D) generosity.
E) war.


9) Locke argued that a major responsibility of governments is to protect
A) elected officials.
B) human dignity.
C) economic equality.
D) private property.
E) the people from themselves.


10) The Declaration of Independence claims a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
The phrase can be most directly attributed to the ideas of
A) Aristotle.
B) Machiavelli.
C) Newton.
D) Locke.
E) Hobbes.

The 2012 Election Matters

‎14.2 Pages 515 to 521

1) In a political campaign, ________ usually announces good news and ________ usually
announces bad news.
A) the press secretary; the communications director
B) the candidate; the press secretary
C) the policy director; the campaign manager
D) the chair; the campaign manager
E) the Democratic candidate; the Republican candidate


2) In 2004, which campaign was especially effective in using the Internet for fundraising?
A) George W. Bush
B) John Kerry
C) Howard Dean
D) John Edwards
E) Dennis Kucinich


3) Who is George W. Bushʹs personal adviser and the mastermind behind his presidential
victories in 2000 and 2004?
A) Ken Mehlman
B) Marc Raciot
C) Kelly McCullough
D) Joe Trippi
E) Karl Rove


4) In the United States, negative campaigning is
A) ineffective.
B) a relatively new phenomena.
C) a function of the television age.
D) a modern phenomena that began around 1960.
E) a political tactic that has been around since the founding.


5) One way of counteracting an anticipated campaign attack by your opponent before the attack
is even launched is
A) proactive advertising.
B) inoculation advertising.
C) a first-strike strategy.
D) a defensive posture.
E) mutually assured destruction.


6) In covering campaigns, the news media are most likely to focus on
A) the candidatesʹ issue positions.
B) the pros and cons of various public policy options for society as a whole.
C) the candidatesʹ performances in previous elected positions.
D) polling.
E) issues of concern to young voters.


7) The advent of new media heavily reliant on computer technology has enabled campaigns to
give prompt and informed responses to changes in the political environment. This is known
as
A) battle bots.
B) the nuclear option.
C) going public.
D) rapid response.
E) straight talk.


8) Since the advent of the new media, citizens can log onto a candidateʹs Web site and engage in
a nearly contemporaneous exchange of ideas with other supporters and with the candidateʹs
Internet team. What is this new technology called?
A) email
B) imagined communities
C) blogs
D) social capitalism
E) wikis


9) Which of the following is true concerning how the campaigns attempt to influence their media
coverage?
A) Campaigns attempt to inundate the press with access to the candidate.
B) Campaigns try to avoid speaking in sound bites.
C) Campaigns try to persuade the media to cover their gaffes.
D) Campaigns avoid spinning campaign events so as not to be perceived as browbeating
reporters.
E) Campaigns try to get the campaignʹs message out by using talk shows and comedy
programs.


10) The 2004 presidential debates
A) spurred Bush to a temporary lead in the polls.
B) altered the results of the election.
C) increased knowledge about the candidates.
D) were boycotted by George W. Bush.
E) were boycotted by John Kerry.